1.1.2.4.1主动监测

Proactive monitoring usually occurs on aregularly scheduled interval, where a number of performance statistics areexamined to identify whether the system behavior and resource usage haschanged. Proactive monitoring can also be considered as proactive tuning.

主动监测通常发生在一个定期的计划间隔，那里，一定数量的性能统计数据会被检测来确定系统的运行和资源利用率是否已经被改变。主动监测也可以被看作是主动调优。

Usually, monitoring does not result inconfiguration changes to the system, unless the monitoring exposes a seriousproblem that is developing. In some situations, experienced performanceengineers can identify potential problems through statistics alone, althoughaccompanying performance degradation is usual.

Experimenting with or tweaking a system whenthere is no apparent performance degradation as a proactive action can be adangerous activity, resulting in unnecessary performance drops. Tweaking asystem should be considered reactive tuning, and the steps for reactive tuningshould be followed.

Monitoring is usually part of a largercapacity planning exercise, where resource consumption is examined to seechanges in the way the application is being used, and the way the applicationis using the database and host resources.

通常，监控并不改变系统的配置，除非他暴露出了正在发生的一些严重的问题。在一些情况下，有经验的性能工程师能够只通过统计信息解决潜在的问题，尽管伴随着性能的下降。当没有显著的性能下降时，主动调整和试验系统是危险的，会造成系统不必要的性能下降。调整系统需要考虑反应调谐，而且反应调优的步骤要被跟踪。

监测通常是更大规模的规划工作中的一部分,那部分里面，资源消耗被检测来观测应用被使用的方式和 数据库及 主机资源的改变。

1.1.2.4.2瓶颈消除

Tuning usually implies fixing a performanceproblem. However, tuning should be part of the life cycle of an application—through the analysis, design, coding,production, and maintenance stages. Oftentimes, the tuning phase is left untilthe system is in production. At this time, tuning becomes a reactivefire-fighting exercise, where the most important bottleneck is identified andfixed.

Usually, the purpose for tuning is to reduceresource consumption or to reduce the elapsed time for an operation tocomplete. Either way, the goal is to improve the effective use of a particularresource. In general, performance problems are caused by the over-use of aparticular resource. That resource is the bottleneck in the system. There are anumber of distinct phases in identifying the bottleneck and the potentialfixes. These are discussed in the sections that follow.

调优通常意味着修复性能问题。然而调优应该是应用程序整个生命周期的一部分，包括分析，设计，编码，生产，维护阶段。经常的情况是调优阶段会一直保留到到系统生产运行才离开。那个时候调优已经变成响应的工作，大多数重要的瓶颈已经被识别和修复。

通常情况下，调优的目的是为了减少资源消耗或者减少某项操作完成的耗时。无论哪种方式，目的都是为了提高某个特殊资源的有效利用。一般来说，性能问题都是由某个特殊资源过度使用造成的，那个资源正好是系统的瓶颈。辨识出瓶颈和潜在的问题有许多不同的阶段。这些东西将在以下部分被讨论：

Remember that the different forms ofcontention are symptoms that can be fixed by making changes in the followingplaces:

请记住竞争的不同形式是一些症状，这些症状能够被在以下地方做些改变来修复、

  • Changes in the application, or the way the application is used

  • 应用程序的改变，或者应用程序被使用方式的改变

  • Changes in Oracle

  • oracle的改变

  • Changes in the host hardware configuration

  • 主机硬件配置的改变。

Often, the most effective way of resolving abottleneck is to change the application.

经常情况下，解决瓶颈最有效地方式是改变一个应用程序。

1.1.3 SQL 优化

 ofthis guide discusses the process of tuning and optimizing SQL statements.

本节的IV部分 讨论到了调优的过程 和sql的优化。

Many client/server application programmersconsider SQL a messaging language, because queries are issued and data isreturned. However, client tools often generate inefficient SQL statements.Therefore, a good understanding of the database SQL processing engine isnecessary for writing optimal SQL. This is especially true for high transactionprocessing systems.

许多客户端和服务端的应用程序开发者把sql当做是一种消息语言，因为查询发起后就会返回结果数据。然而客户端工具常常会产出一些低效率的sql。因此，对数据库sql处理工作机制有个很好的理解对写出最优的sql是必要的。这对高事物处理系统尤其管用。

Typically, SQL statements issued by OLTPapplications operate on relatively few rows at a time. If an index can point tothe exact rows that are required, then Oracle can construct an accurate plan toaccess those rows efficiently through the shortest possible path. In decisionsupport system (DSS) environments, selectivity is less important, because theyoften access most of a table's rows. In such situations, full table scans arecommon, and indexes are not even used. This book is primarily focussed onOLTP-type applications. For detailed information on DSS and mixed environments,see the .

通常情况下，由联机事务处理系统发起的sql语句在同一时间会操作相对少的行。如果一个索引能够定位它所需要的准确行，那么oracle能够通过可能的最短的路径来建立一个准确的计划来取到那些行。在决策支撑系统环境当中，查询是次要的，因为他们总是要获取表中的大部分行。。在这个情况下全表扫描是普遍的，索引甚至可能都没被用到。这里主要的关注点都在联机事务处理系统。若要获得决策支撑系统和混合环境更详细的信息，请看 oracle数据库数据仓库指南。

1.1.3.1查询优化器和执行计划

When a SQL statement is executed on an Oracledatabase, the Oracle query optimizer determines the most efficient executionplan after considering many factors related to the objects referenced and theconditions specified in the query. This determination is an important step inthe processing of any SQL statement and can greatly affect execution time.

当一个sql语句在oracle数据库上执行的时候，在考虑过涉及到的若干对象的许多相关因素和查询时的一些具体情况后oracle查询优化器会决定哪个是最高效的执行计划。这个决定是任何sql语句执行过程的重要一步，而且对执行时间影响很大。

During the evaluation process, the queryoptimizer reviews statistics gathered on the system to determine the best dataaccess path and other considerations. You can override the execution plan ofthe query optimizer with hints inserted in SQL statement.

在评估期间，查询优化器会检查系统收集的统计信息来决定最好的取数据途径和其他考虑。你可以在sql语句中插入hint提示来覆盖查询优化器的执行计划。

1.2性能调优特性和工具

Effective data collection and analysis isessential for identifying and correcting performance problems. Oracle providesa number of tools that allow a performance engineer to gather informationregarding database performance. In addition to gathering data, Oracle providestools to monitor performance, diagnose problems, and tune applications.

有效数据的收集分析对找出并改正性能问题是很必要的。就数据库的性能，oracle提供了大量的工具，这些工具允许性能调优工程师收集信息.除了收集数据，oracle提供了一些工具来监测性能，诊断问题和调优应用程序。

The Oracle gathering and monitoring featuresare mainly automatic, managed by an Oracle background processes. To enableautomatic statistics collection and automatic performance features,the STATISTICS_LEVEL initialization parameter must be setto TYPICAL or ALL. You can administer and display the output ofthe gathering and tuning tools with Oracle Enterprise Manager, or with APIs andviews. For ease of use and to take advantage of its numerous automated monitoringand diagnostic tools, Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control isrecommended.

oracle收集和监控特性主要都是自动的，被oracle后台进程管理。为了使统计收集和性能功能自动化，统计级别这个初始化参数必须被设置为典型或完全。你可以用oracle企业管理器或者API或者视图来展示和管理统计信息收集和调优工具的输出结果。为了更加方便的使用和利用大量的自动监测诊断工具，推荐使用oracle企业管理器数据库控制。

See Also:

扩展阅读：

  •  for information about using Oracle Enterprise Manager to manage Oracle Database

  • 阅读《2天成为oracleDBA》来获取关于使用oracle企业级管理器管理oracle数据库的更多信息。

  •  for information about using Oracle Enterprise Manager to tune the performance of Oracle Database

  • 阅读《2天成为oracleDBA+性能调优指南》来获取关于使用oracle企业级管理器调优oracle数据库性能的信息。

  •  for detailed information on the DBMS_ADVISOR, DBMS_SQLTUNE, and DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY packages

  • 阅读《oracle数据库 PL/SQL 包和类型指南》来获取关于 数据库管理系统建议工具、数据库管理系统sql调优、数据库管理系统负载库包的详细信息。

  •  for information on the STATISTICS_LEVEL initialization parameter

  • 阅读《oracle数据指南》了解更多统计级别初始化参数的消息。

1.2.1自动性能调优特性

The Oracle automatic performance tuningfeatures include:

oracle 自动性能调优特性包括以下

  • Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) collects, processes, and maintains performance statistics for problem detection and self-tuning purposes. See .

  • 自动工作信息库收集，加工和维护性能统计信息来检测问题和自我优化。详见自动负载信息库概论。

  • Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) analyzes the information collected by the AWR for possible performance problems with the Oracle database. See .

  • 自动数据库诊断和监测工具针对oracle数据库可能的性能问题分析了AWR收集的信息。详见自动数据库诊断监控。

  • SQL Tuning Advisor allows a quick and efficient technique for optimizing SQL statements without modifying any statements. See .

  • sql优化建议器 提供了不修改sql语句的一个快速有效的sql优化技术。详见 sql优化建议器。

  • SQLAccess Advisor provides advice on materialized views, indexes, and materialized view logs. See  and  for information on SQLAccess Advisor.

  • sql访问建议器 提供了在物化视图，索引，物化视图日志上的一些建议。 请阅读自动sql优化特性和数据库建议包里的sql访问建议器概述。

  • End to End Application tracing identifies excessive workloads on the system by specific user, service, or application component. See .

  • 端到端的应用程序追踪器能够通过特殊用户服务和应用程序组件来标识出系统上过度负载的地方。详见端到端程序追踪。

  • Server-generated alerts automatically provide notifications when impending problems are detected. See  for information about monitoring the operation of the database with server-generated alerts.

  • 当问题逼近的时候，服务器产生的告警日志会自动通知。关于用服务器告警日志监控数据运行的更多信息 详见“oracle数据库管理员指南”。

  • Additional advisors that can be launched from Oracle Enterprise Manager, such as memory advisors to optimize memory for an instance. The memory advisors are commonly used when automatic memory management is not set up for the database. Other advisors are used to optimize mean time to recovery (MTTR), shrinking of segments, and undo tablespace settings. For information about using advisors that are available with Oracle Enterprise Manager, see .

  • oracle企业级管理器能够提供额外的建议参考信息，例如内存建议为实例优化内存。当没有为数据库设置自动内存管理 的时候，内存建议器通常被使用。另外一些建议器被用来优化恢复的平均耗时时间和段的收缩和回滚段空间设置。若要关于使用oracle企业管理器顾问的更多信息，请阅读”两天掌握oracle+性能调优指南”。

  • The Database Performance page in Oracle Enterprise Manager displays host, instance service time, and throughput information for real time monitoring and diagnosis. The page can be set to refresh automatically in selected intervals or manually. For information about the Database Performance page, see .

  • 数据库企业管理器里的数据库性能笔记显示了主机 实例服务时间、实时的诊断信息和吞吐量。这个笔记能够在选定的时间段内自动刷新或者人工刷新。关于性能调优笔记的更多信息 请阅读”2天掌握oracle数据库+数据库调优指南”。

1.2.2额外的数据库工具

This section describes additional Oracletools that can be used for determining performance problems.

这部分描述了能够被用来确定oracle性能问题的额外工具.

1.2.2.1 V$开头的性能视图

The V$ views are the performanceinformation sources used by all Oracle performance tuning tools.The V$ views are based on memory structures initialized at instancestartup. The memory structures, and the views that represent them, areautomatically maintained by Oracle throughout the life of the instance.See  for information diagnosing tuning problems usingthe V$ performance views.

V$视图是所有的oracle性能调优工具使用的性能信息的源头。V$视图基于实例启动时被初始化的内存结构。内存结构和代表他们的视图在实例的整个生命周期会被oracle自动维护。请阅读 10章节“使用性能视图的实例优化”来获取使用V$性能视图来诊断调优问题的更多信息。

See Also:

 for informationabout dynamic performance views

同见：

oracle数据库指南来获取关于动态性能视图的更多信息。

Note:

注意：

Oracle recommends using the AutomaticWorkload Repository to gather performance data. These tools have been designedto capture all of the data needed for performance analysis.

oracle推荐使用自动工作信息库来收集性能数据。这些工具已经被设计来捕获性能分析所需要的所有数据。